University of Sistan and Baluchestan Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam 2345-2099 18 35 2024 11 05 Shu'ubiyya Thoughts of Muwallads in Andalusia: The causes and contexts Shu'ubiyya Thoughts of Muwallads in Andalusia: The causes and contexts 26 47 9097 10.22111/jhr.2025.51084.3757 FA Mahdi Afchangi Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Humanities Sciences faculity, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran Mohammadali Mir Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Humanities Sciences faculity, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran 0000-0001-9543-5135 Journal Article 2024 05 10 The Muwallads, native converts to Islam, were a significant group in the political and social developments during Umayyad rule in Andalusia (138-422 AH). They sought equal rights with the Arab minority, facing political deprivation, poverty, economic pressure, and social discrimination. This led to their rebellion and protests, initially through military means. The ascension of Abd al-Rahman III (300-350 AH) saw changes, with more tolerance and opportunities for the Muwallads under his caliphate and that of his son, Hakam II (350-362 AH). Some Muwallads, however, emphasized their racial and ethnic identity, engaging in cultural and intellectual activities to combat Arab racial prejudice. As the Umayyad government weakened in Andalusia and independent states formed, Muwallads shifted from defense to attack, culminating in the treatise Shu'ubiyyah by Ibn Gharsiyah (d. 1084 AD). This article aims to describe how Andalusian settlers' Shu'ubiyya developed and their role in the downfall of the Umayyad government in Andalusia, leading to the formation of tribal monarchical rule. The Muwallads, native converts to Islam, were a significant group in the political and social developments during Umayyad rule in Andalusia (138-422 AH). They sought equal rights with the Arab minority, facing political deprivation, poverty, economic pressure, and social discrimination. This led to their rebellion and protests, initially through military means. The ascension of Abd al-Rahman III (300-350 AH) saw changes, with more tolerance and opportunities for the Muwallads under his caliphate and that of his son, Hakam II (350-362 AH). Some Muwallads, however, emphasized their racial and ethnic identity, engaging in cultural and intellectual activities to combat Arab racial prejudice. As the Umayyad government weakened in Andalusia and independent states formed, Muwallads shifted from defense to attack, culminating in the treatise Shu'ubiyyah by Ibn Gharsiyah (d. 1084 AD). This article aims to describe how Andalusian settlers' Shu'ubiyya developed and their role in the downfall of the Umayyad government in Andalusia, leading to the formation of tribal monarchical rule. https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9097_26d9dcbea54d275048b55f132c4a887c.pdf