University of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105Analyzing the Elements and Components of Iranian Identity in Hafiz-i Abru's Zubdat al-TawarikhAnalyzing the Elements and Components of Iranian Identity in Hafiz-i Abru's Zubdat al-Tawarikh125866910.22111/jhr.2024.48525.3688FAFaribaAzamiPhD Student in History of Iran after Islam, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran.SalehPargari(Corresponding Author) Associate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Karaj, IranFoadPourarianAssociate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Karaj, IranMohamadhasanRaznahanAssociate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Karaj, IranJournal Article20240424The purpose of this article is to study the elements and components of Iranian identity in the book "Zubdat al-Tawarikh "by Hafiz-i Abru. Since the identity of any country is a historical category and must be studied in its historical context, the field of historiography is a suitable method for understanding Iranians' perception of their identity in different periods. This research, while examining the elements and components of Iranian identity in the book "Zubdat al-Tawarikh " by Hafez Ebro, seeks to answer how these elements and components were represented in the book. To achieve this, the research analyzes the components of Iranian identity in the text of "Zubdat al-Tawarikh " using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library sources. The findings of the research indicate that Hafez Abro, through a narrative format, highlights the victories and expansion of Timur and Shahrukh to emphasize the concept of "Iran-Zemin" in the depiction of incidents and events. By portraying the Timurid amirs as mythological, historical kings, and national-religious heroes embodying the ideal kingship of Iran, he attributes their victories and honors to Iranians. Additionally, while praising them, he indirectly offers advice.The purpose of this article is to study the elements and components of Iranian identity in the book "Zubdat al-Tawarikh "by Hafiz-i Abru. Since the identity of any country is a historical category and must be studied in its historical context, the field of historiography is a suitable method for understanding Iranians' perception of their identity in different periods. This research, while examining the elements and components of Iranian identity in the book "Zubdat al-Tawarikh " by Hafez Ebro, seeks to answer how these elements and components were represented in the book. To achieve this, the research analyzes the components of Iranian identity in the text of "Zubdat al-Tawarikh " using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library sources. The findings of the research indicate that Hafez Abro, through a narrative format, highlights the victories and expansion of Timur and Shahrukh to emphasize the concept of "Iran-Zemin" in the depiction of incidents and events. By portraying the Timurid amirs as mythological, historical kings, and national-religious heroes embodying the ideal kingship of Iran, he attributes their victories and honors to Iranians. Additionally, while praising them, he indirectly offers advice.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8669_04814d3f321dff091db239805f6b7d8c.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105Shu'ubiyya Thoughts of Muwallads in Andalusia: The causes and contextsShu'ubiyya Thoughts of Muwallads in Andalusia: The causes and contexts2647909710.22111/jhr.2025.51084.3757FAMahdiAfchangiDepartment of Theology and Islamic Studies, Humanities Sciences faculity, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, IranMohammadaliMirDepartment of Theology and Islamic Studies, Humanities Sciences faculity, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran0000-0001-9543-5135Journal Article20240510The Muwallads, native converts to Islam, were a significant group in the political and social developments during Umayyad rule in Andalusia (138-422 AH). They sought equal rights with the Arab minority, facing political deprivation, poverty, economic pressure, and social discrimination. This led to their rebellion and protests, initially through military means. The ascension of Abd al-Rahman III (300-350 AH) saw changes, with more tolerance and opportunities for the Muwallads under his caliphate and that of his son, Hakam II (350-362 AH). Some Muwallads, however, emphasized their racial and ethnic identity, engaging in cultural and intellectual activities to combat Arab racial prejudice. As the Umayyad government weakened in Andalusia and independent states formed, Muwallads shifted from defense to attack, culminating in the treatise Shu'ubiyyah by Ibn Gharsiyah (d. 1084 AD). This article aims to describe how Andalusian settlers' Shu'ubiyya developed and their role in the downfall of the Umayyad government in Andalusia, leading to the formation of tribal monarchical rule.The Muwallads, native converts to Islam, were a significant group in the political and social developments during Umayyad rule in Andalusia (138-422 AH). They sought equal rights with the Arab minority, facing political deprivation, poverty, economic pressure, and social discrimination. This led to their rebellion and protests, initially through military means. The ascension of Abd al-Rahman III (300-350 AH) saw changes, with more tolerance and opportunities for the Muwallads under his caliphate and that of his son, Hakam II (350-362 AH). Some Muwallads, however, emphasized their racial and ethnic identity, engaging in cultural and intellectual activities to combat Arab racial prejudice. As the Umayyad government weakened in Andalusia and independent states formed, Muwallads shifted from defense to attack, culminating in the treatise Shu'ubiyyah by Ibn Gharsiyah (d. 1084 AD). This article aims to describe how Andalusian settlers' Shu'ubiyya developed and their role in the downfall of the Umayyad government in Andalusia, leading to the formation of tribal monarchical rule.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9097_26d9dcbea54d275048b55f132c4a887c.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241022The policy of unifying the dress and the new Iranian official identity in the Arab society of Khuzestan (first Pahlavi era)The policy of unifying the dress and the new Iranian official identity in the Arab society of Khuzestan (first Pahlavi era)4869896210.22111/jhr.2025.49493.3713FAMohamadAlbualiDoctoral student of the Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti UniversityMohammad AliAkbariProfessor of History Department of Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20240604During the first Pahlavi period, a policy was implemented to standardize clothing styles throughout Iran in order to establish a new Iranian identity. This policy required specific procedures to be put in place in various regions and for different ethnic groups. The Arab society in Khuzestan was one of the groups impacted by this policy. This research aims to explore how this policy was enforced in the Arab society of Khuzestan, the methods and measures that were utilized, and the response of the ethnic community. The research was carried out using the historical method and official documents. The findings reveal that government agents employed two approaches to enforce and promote this policy. The first approach involved formal education institutions and administrative bodies, while the second approach enlisted the support of the shuyūkh and elites of the Arab society who backed the policy for social status, financial interests, and other reasons. Additionally, the research demonstrates that the Arab society in Khuzestan reacted to this policy by participating in collective disobedience and relocating to Iraq. Moreover, the uniform clothing policy not only failed to further the new identity initiative but also posed a new challenge.During the first Pahlavi period, a policy was implemented to standardize clothing styles throughout Iran in order to establish a new Iranian identity. This policy required specific procedures to be put in place in various regions and for different ethnic groups. The Arab society in Khuzestan was one of the groups impacted by this policy. This research aims to explore how this policy was enforced in the Arab society of Khuzestan, the methods and measures that were utilized, and the response of the ethnic community. The research was carried out using the historical method and official documents. The findings reveal that government agents employed two approaches to enforce and promote this policy. The first approach involved formal education institutions and administrative bodies, while the second approach enlisted the support of the shuyūkh and elites of the Arab society who backed the policy for social status, financial interests, and other reasons. Additionally, the research demonstrates that the Arab society in Khuzestan reacted to this policy by participating in collective disobedience and relocating to Iraq. Moreover, the uniform clothing policy not only failed to further the new identity initiative but also posed a new challenge.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8962_7582dfdeab8def088d61142c46dec2f5.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105The position, characteristics, and functions of the Diwan al-Rasa'il in the Almohad State's Administrative FrameworkThe position, characteristics, and functions of the Diwan al-Rasa'il in the Almohad State's Administrative Framework7091864310.22111/jhr.2024.46563.3609FAMohamad HassanBehnamfarAssistant Professor, Department of Islamic Teachings, Higher Education Complex of Esfarayen, North Khorasan, IranJournal Article20240517One of the most important parts of the administrative and Diwan structure of the governments has been the Rasail which was important for letter writing and gradually became more complicated with the evolution of administrative structures. Almohad as one of the independent states of the western Islamic world, managed to rule over the Maghreb and Andalusia in the Middle Ages. From the beginning of their movement, they gave great importance to the affairs of Diwan correspondence and added to its credibility during the period of consolidation of power. Undoubtedly, the stability of their political system was managed by organizations that had a coherent structure. Therefore, the current research with an emphasis on sources and study on the administrative structure of the Almohad period, It seeks to evaluate its features in terms of technique and method by researching Diwan Rasail. Also, answer the question that what position did this Diwan have in the administrative structure of the Almohad government? The findings of the research show that Almodad paid special attention to Diwan Rasail and benefited from the experiences of their previous governments. The remaining correspondence of this government, titled Rasa'il, has various aspects from which important points can be obtained.One of the most important parts of the administrative and Diwan structure of the governments has been the Rasail which was important for letter writing and gradually became more complicated with the evolution of administrative structures. Almohad as one of the independent states of the western Islamic world, managed to rule over the Maghreb and Andalusia in the Middle Ages. From the beginning of their movement, they gave great importance to the affairs of Diwan correspondence and added to its credibility during the period of consolidation of power. Undoubtedly, the stability of their political system was managed by organizations that had a coherent structure. Therefore, the current research with an emphasis on sources and study on the administrative structure of the Almohad period, It seeks to evaluate its features in terms of technique and method by researching Diwan Rasail. Also, answer the question that what position did this Diwan have in the administrative structure of the Almohad government? The findings of the research show that Almodad paid special attention to Diwan Rasail and benefited from the experiences of their previous governments. The remaining correspondence of this government, titled Rasa'il, has various aspects from which important points can be obtained.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8643_2ebff78f396d82017d23dd08b1ff26b1.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105An Examination of the Social Lifestyle of the People of Gilan in Travelogues from the Qajar EraAn Examination of the Social Lifestyle of the People of Gilan in Travelogues from the Qajar Era92109903910.22111/jhr.2025.51050.3755FAMaryamPourhaghshenasMSc in Social Science Research, Koushyar Non-Governmental and Non-Profit Institute, Rasht, IranRezaAlizadehAssistant Prof. of Research Institute of Guilan Studies, University of Guilan, Iran, Rasht.Seyed HashemMousaviAssistant Professor of the Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of GuilanJournal Article20240416Travelogues serve as significant historical and cultural resources, playing a crucial role in understanding the life, customs, and livelihood practices of people across different eras. The travelogues from the Qajar period, particularly those written by Europeans, hold special importance due to the expansion of Iran's political, economic, and cultural relations with the outside world. The Gilan region, with its unique geographical position, temperate climate, and cultural and ethnic diversity, has always attracted the attention of travelers and tourists. This research employs content analysis methods to examine the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan in seven travelogues from the Qajar era. The main categories of the research include recreation and entertainment, festivals and celebrations, food, clothing, and occupation. The findings of the research indicate that the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan during the Qajar period was shaped by various factors, including geography, economy, and culture. Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, and fishing were identified as the primary occupations of the people of Gilan during this period. Recreational activities such as hunting, coffeehouse gatherings, and local competitions were part of the daily life of the people of Gilan.Travelogues serve as significant historical and cultural resources, playing a crucial role in understanding the life, customs, and livelihood practices of people across different eras. The travelogues from the Qajar period, particularly those written by Europeans, hold special importance due to the expansion of Iran's political, economic, and cultural relations with the outside world. The Gilan region, with its unique geographical position, temperate climate, and cultural and ethnic diversity, has always attracted the attention of travelers and tourists. This research employs content analysis methods to examine the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan in seven travelogues from the Qajar era. The main categories of the research include recreation and entertainment, festivals and celebrations, food, clothing, and occupation. The findings of the research indicate that the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan during the Qajar period was shaped by various factors, including geography, economy, and culture. Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, and fishing were identified as the primary occupations of the people of Gilan during this period. Recreational activities such as hunting, coffeehouse gatherings, and local competitions were part of the daily life of the people of Gilan.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9039_043062b9685939a0bab8ebe83d527271.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105Investigation and analysis of Iranian identity in the context of assimilation of Ilkhans with Iranian societyInvestigation and analysis of Iranian identity in the context of assimilation of Ilkhans with Iranian society110131906910.22111/jhr.2025.46713.3613FAMoslemSoleimanianAssistant Professor of the History Department of Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi UniversityZoleikhaAminiAssistant Professor of the History Department of Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi UniversityMarziyehJafarzadehPhD student of Islamic history of Lorestan University. Lorestan .IranJournal Article20240424Following the fall of the Sassanian Empire in the first century of the Hijra and the subsequent Mongol invasions of Iran in the seventh century of the Hijra, which led to the collapse of the geographical, national, and social structures of Iran, Iranian historians sought to reproduce Iranian identity in the form of an idealized and symbolic community, in light of political, cultural, and geographical components. This research, utilizing descriptive and analytical methods along with Benedict Anderson's theory of the "imagined community," aims to answer the fundamental question of how Iranian historians of the Ilkhanate period reproduced Iranian identity and based on which approaches and components. The findings of the study indicate that Iranian historians during the Ilkhanate period had a shared ideal and perception of the culture, geography, and history of the Iranian land in ancient times. Through the power of imagination, creativity, and symbolism, and by employing approaches such as the redefinition of the concept of political power structures, othering, analogy-making, and alignment, as well as components such as the emphasis on the divine glory (farah), the Iranian style of governance, cultural achievements, and the geography of the Iranian territory, they sought to redefine the Iranian symbolic community and articulate the rationale for the existence of the Iranian state. In fact, the most significant action taken to achieve this aim was the intervention in the realm of history and historiography, whose importance and function lay in legitimization, and the historians of this period dedicated their efforts in this direction.Following the fall of the Sassanian Empire in the first century of the Hijra and the subsequent Mongol invasions of Iran in the seventh century of the Hijra, which led to the collapse of the geographical, national, and social structures of Iran, Iranian historians sought to reproduce Iranian identity in the form of an idealized and symbolic community, in light of political, cultural, and geographical components. This research, utilizing descriptive and analytical methods along with Benedict Anderson's theory of the "imagined community," aims to answer the fundamental question of how Iranian historians of the Ilkhanate period reproduced Iranian identity and based on which approaches and components. The findings of the study indicate that Iranian historians during the Ilkhanate period had a shared ideal and perception of the culture, geography, and history of the Iranian land in ancient times. Through the power of imagination, creativity, and symbolism, and by employing approaches such as the redefinition of the concept of political power structures, othering, analogy-making, and alignment, as well as components such as the emphasis on the divine glory (farah), the Iranian style of governance, cultural achievements, and the geography of the Iranian territory, they sought to redefine the Iranian symbolic community and articulate the rationale for the existence of the Iranian state. In fact, the most significant action taken to achieve this aim was the intervention in the realm of history and historiography, whose importance and function lay in legitimization, and the historians of this period dedicated their efforts in this direction.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9069_8af6386b8e48ab5814a90a02ad9b6f98.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105The position of Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini in the political sphere of Iran during the era reign of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar (1313-1324 AH)The position of Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini in the political sphere of Iran during the era reign of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar (1313-1324 AH)132154877110.22111/jhr.2025.48391.3683FAZahraSalimiPhd student in Islamic history, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Department, Tehran, IranAbbasAhmadvandAssociate Professor, Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMahboubehSharafiAssociate Professor of History Department Associate Professor of History Department, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3471-2244Journal Article20240524As the rulers of Iran, the Qajar dynasty sought to establish close connections with religious scholars and clerics to gain popular legitimacy and public acceptance. An analysis of the lives and circumstances of Qajar kings reveals that each of them established specific relationships with the scholars and clerics of their time during their reign. Mozaffar al-Din Shah (1313-1324 AH) was one of these kings who expressed special interest and devotion to Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini. This connection not only reflects the Shah's attention to religion and its symbols but also lays the foundation for Sayed's influence in the political atmosphere of the time. This article primarily aims to explore whether studying the life of Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini can provide insights into the hidden roles and influences of less famous but influential individuals in the decision-making process of Mozaffar's era. Using a historical contextual approach, this study identifies and analyzes a key element of the Mozaffari court and illustrates Bahraini’s political influence during this period. The findings of this study show that despite being unknown in his time, Bahraini gradually gained significant influence and economic power through his closeness to the king and court officials, including the prime minister.As the rulers of Iran, the Qajar dynasty sought to establish close connections with religious scholars and clerics to gain popular legitimacy and public acceptance. An analysis of the lives and circumstances of Qajar kings reveals that each of them established specific relationships with the scholars and clerics of their time during their reign. Mozaffar al-Din Shah (1313-1324 AH) was one of these kings who expressed special interest and devotion to Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini. This connection not only reflects the Shah's attention to religion and its symbols but also lays the foundation for Sayed's influence in the political atmosphere of the time. This article primarily aims to explore whether studying the life of Seyed Ali Akbar Bahraini can provide insights into the hidden roles and influences of less famous but influential individuals in the decision-making process of Mozaffar's era. Using a historical contextual approach, this study identifies and analyzes a key element of the Mozaffari court and illustrates Bahraini’s political influence during this period. The findings of this study show that despite being unknown in his time, Bahraini gradually gained significant influence and economic power through his closeness to the king and court officials, including the prime minister.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8771_69f093a6e875bbf15740a69461e1f595.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105An Examination of the Structure and Guild Organization of Artists and Craftsmen during the Timurid EraAn Examination of the Structure and Guild Organization of Artists and Craftsmen during the Timurid Era155182891110.22111/jhr.2025.49239.3703FAMasoomehSamaei DastjerdiDepartment of Islamic Education, Farhangian University, Tehran,iran.VahidAbedinpoorDepartment of Islamic Education, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Journal Article20240512The social classes of Iranian society in different historical periods, depending on the type of political and social conditions, have had a position and, accordingly, the origin of effects in different areas and related to their position and functions. As the artists and craftsmen of the Timurid era had a different economic status due to the significant amount of artistic and handicraft evolutions that occurred during this time. The existence of guild hierarchies, the type of interactions with the government, artistic skill and creativity, and the livelihood conditions of artists and craftsmen are some of the ways to understand their economic status at this time. The results of the research show that factors such as tax exemption, political stability, Individual and social abilities, easy and cheap access to the raw materials for the production of artistic and industrial works, building and securing the centers and routes for the supply of works and the existence of guild structure were effective in stabilizing and improving the economic status of this class in the Timurid period. Therefore, in this research, with a historical approach and descriptive-analytical method, the existing guild structure among artists and craftsmen and their economic status in this period will be investigated.The social classes of Iranian society in different historical periods, depending on the type of political and social conditions, have had a position and, accordingly, the origin of effects in different areas and related to their position and functions. As the artists and craftsmen of the Timurid era had a different economic status due to the significant amount of artistic and handicraft evolutions that occurred during this time. The existence of guild hierarchies, the type of interactions with the government, artistic skill and creativity, and the livelihood conditions of artists and craftsmen are some of the ways to understand their economic status at this time. The results of the research show that factors such as tax exemption, political stability, Individual and social abilities, easy and cheap access to the raw materials for the production of artistic and industrial works, building and securing the centers and routes for the supply of works and the existence of guild structure were effective in stabilizing and improving the economic status of this class in the Timurid period. Therefore, in this research, with a historical approach and descriptive-analytical method, the existing guild structure among artists and craftsmen and their economic status in this period will be investigated.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8911_cb11120cead7d4caad521ccd989126a4.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105Explanation and Analysis of the Arab Policy Patterns of Ardashir Bābakān and Shapur I and Their Continuity during the Sasanian PeriodExplanation and Analysis of the Arab Policy Patterns of Ardashir Bābakān and Shapur I and Their Continuity during the Sasanian Period183207904310.22111/jhr.2025.50875.3751FAEsmaeilSangariAssociate professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranFarzadRafieifarPhD Student of Ancient History of Iran, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranHoseinShirmohamadi BabasheykhaliPh.D in History of Islam, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20240524With the formation of Sasanian Empire (224 A.D), the relation of Arabs with Iranian world entered a new stage. Ardashir Bābakān, the founder of the dynasty, started to conquer some regions and Arab prince areas as Maishan. He marched in Bahrain situated in southern borders in Persian Gulf. His successor, Shapur I, conquered the unbeatable prince area Hatra by continuing his ancestor’s policy in conquering the world. He also continued the favorable relations with Hira situated in north of Arabia peninsula. The relations between these kings and Arabs continued until the last days of Sasanian Empire. This is why many of the later kings of this dynasty dealt with the Arab tribes and governments the same with Ardashir and Shapur. This research aims to evaluate the correction of this hypothesis after explanation of the relations with Arabs in Ardashir Bābakān and Shapur I period. The research method is descriptive-analytical, by collecting library contents, especially considering the limited research on the Sasanian Empire’s relations with the Arabs during the reigns of the early kings of this dynasty.With the formation of Sasanian Empire (224 A.D), the relation of Arabs with Iranian world entered a new stage. Ardashir Bābakān, the founder of the dynasty, started to conquer some regions and Arab prince areas as Maishan. He marched in Bahrain situated in southern borders in Persian Gulf. His successor, Shapur I, conquered the unbeatable prince area Hatra by continuing his ancestor’s policy in conquering the world. He also continued the favorable relations with Hira situated in north of Arabia peninsula. The relations between these kings and Arabs continued until the last days of Sasanian Empire. This is why many of the later kings of this dynasty dealt with the Arab tribes and governments the same with Ardashir and Shapur. This research aims to evaluate the correction of this hypothesis after explanation of the relations with Arabs in Ardashir Bābakān and Shapur I period. The research method is descriptive-analytical, by collecting library contents, especially considering the limited research on the Sasanian Empire’s relations with the Arabs during the reigns of the early kings of this dynasty.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9043_961b6c04c9b77362da70a22fb2799123.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105The Outbreak of Influenza in the Western Provinces of Iran during the Qajar Era: Based on Reports from Akhtar NewspaperThe Outbreak of Influenza in the Western Provinces of Iran during the Qajar Era: Based on Reports from Akhtar Newspaper208232907010.22111/jhr.2025.51282.3766FAHossianAlibeigi(Corresponding Author), PhD in Islamic History and Visiting Lecturer, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranSarahShohaniPhD in History of Islamic Iran, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20240524The spread of diseases has always been one of the main concerns of mankind, which, in proportion to its scientific advances, has identified various diseases and provided solutions for their prevention and treatment. The identification of some diseases, including influenza, dates back to the Qajar era. During this period, newspapers included a wide range of topics, including diseases, to reflect the health status of the community. In this study, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical method and benefiting from unpublished archival documents and relying on reports from the Akhtar newspaper, intend to answer these questions: What are the factors that caused the spread of influenza in the western provinces of Iran during the Qajar era from the perspective of the Akhtar newspaper? And what role did this newspaper play in informing and educating, preventing and treating influenza? The findings of this study show that cold weather, foreign contacts, population density, lack of hygiene, and living with animals were the main factors behind the spread of this disease in the western provinces of Iran during the Qajar era. This newspaper has made an effort to spread information by raising awareness about this disease, emphasizing the need to limit social relationships when it occurs, and by providing recommendations such as strengthening the immune system, avoiding high-fat foods when infected, using medicinal herbs, and avoiding the cold, it has played its role in controlling the disease and treating it, especially in urban areas.The spread of diseases has always been one of the main concerns of mankind, which, in proportion to its scientific advances, has identified various diseases and provided solutions for their prevention and treatment. The identification of some diseases, including influenza, dates back to the Qajar era. During this period, newspapers included a wide range of topics, including diseases, to reflect the health status of the community. In this study, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical method and benefiting from unpublished archival documents and relying on reports from the Akhtar newspaper, intend to answer these questions: What are the factors that caused the spread of influenza in the western provinces of Iran during the Qajar era from the perspective of the Akhtar newspaper? And what role did this newspaper play in informing and educating, preventing and treating influenza? The findings of this study show that cold weather, foreign contacts, population density, lack of hygiene, and living with animals were the main factors behind the spread of this disease in the western provinces of Iran during the Qajar era. This newspaper has made an effort to spread information by raising awareness about this disease, emphasizing the need to limit social relationships when it occurs, and by providing recommendations such as strengthening the immune system, avoiding high-fat foods when infected, using medicinal herbs, and avoiding the cold, it has played its role in controlling the disease and treating it, especially in urban areas.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9070_3b60740c4f9f3a17606f4943941933b3.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105In Search of Reforms: A Study of Iran Newspaper Editorials in the Winter of 1297 AHIn Search of Reforms: A Study of Iran Newspaper Editorials in the Winter of 1297 AH233259875610.22111/jhr.2024.50080.3729FADelaraMardoukhiAssistant Professor,, Archival Research Institute, National Library and Archives of IranJournal Article20240502In examining the editorials of the Iran newspaper in the winter of 1297 AH, the authors' attention to the necessity and process of reforms in Iran is remarkable. It should be noted that World War I had a profound impact on Iran. The disintegration of the political and administrative organization, the effects of famine and disease, and the weakening of social and economic infrastructures had all made the situation critical. In the years after the war, the need for reforms was felt among politicians in society, but there was no clear plan for this. On the other hand, the failure to convene the Fourth Parliament as a place for discussion and decision-making for the future of Iran added to the problems. Different individuals and groups did not have the opportunity to present their various opinions. In the meantime, the Iran newspaper, as a semi-official media outlet of the government, opened the door to discussion in this field. In the winter of 1297 AH (1919 AD), this newspaper asked various experts to present their proposals for necessary reforms in Iran. Nine long and short texts from people with different views were published in this newspaper, which is the main basis of this research. In this regard, by examining these texts and categorizing the concepts raised in them, we seek to clarify what aspects of change the elites of society considered necessary at that time and which issues they considered a priority. This study, using a qualitative research method and a descriptive-analytical approach to the content of these articles and several texts accompanying them, shows that, according to experts, the priority was to carry out reforms in the administrative organization and to improve economic performance in the field of trade and agricultural production.In examining the editorials of the Iran newspaper in the winter of 1297 AH, the authors' attention to the necessity and process of reforms in Iran is remarkable. It should be noted that World War I had a profound impact on Iran. The disintegration of the political and administrative organization, the effects of famine and disease, and the weakening of social and economic infrastructures had all made the situation critical. In the years after the war, the need for reforms was felt among politicians in society, but there was no clear plan for this. On the other hand, the failure to convene the Fourth Parliament as a place for discussion and decision-making for the future of Iran added to the problems. Different individuals and groups did not have the opportunity to present their various opinions. In the meantime, the Iran newspaper, as a semi-official media outlet of the government, opened the door to discussion in this field. In the winter of 1297 AH (1919 AD), this newspaper asked various experts to present their proposals for necessary reforms in Iran. Nine long and short texts from people with different views were published in this newspaper, which is the main basis of this research. In this regard, by examining these texts and categorizing the concepts raised in them, we seek to clarify what aspects of change the elites of society considered necessary at that time and which issues they considered a priority. This study, using a qualitative research method and a descriptive-analytical approach to the content of these articles and several texts accompanying them, shows that, according to experts, the priority was to carry out reforms in the administrative organization and to improve economic performance in the field of trade and agricultural production.https://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_8756_ba50f0a5b357520d8c06ffc4f2b76d51.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam2345-2099183520241105The Challenges of the Ottoman Diplomatic Corps in Iran during World War I (With Emphasis on the Reports of Asim Bey, The Ottoman Ambassador in Tehran)The Challenges of the Ottoman Diplomatic Corps in Iran during World War I (With Emphasis on the Reports of Asim Bey, The Ottoman Ambassador in Tehran)260291909110.22111/jhr.2025.49463.3711FAMahdiVaziniafzal(Corresponding Author),Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Jiroft, IranSeyed AhmadMosaviAssistant Professor, Department of History, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240506During the First World War, Mustafa Asim Bey was appointed as the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran. The Ottoman diplomatic apparatus in Iran was responsible for persuading Iranians to join forces with the Ottomans, to cut off the Russians from Azerbaijan, and to help advance Ottoman military goals in Afghanistan and India. In order to achieve these goals, Asim Bey and his associates believed in soft politics with influence among the constitutionalist men and tribes of western Iran. But the Turkish military, led by Rauf Bey, believed in an aggressive policy with violence in order to neutralize the propaganda of the Allies. Two policies that led to a serious challenge between the Ottoman military and diplomats in Iran and put the policies of the Great Turks under the spotlight, including the Islamic Union plan. Despite Asim Bey's efforts, Iran did not join the alliance plan with the Ottomans, Akbar's jihad did not achieve its goals in Iran, and the subversive policies against the Russians and the British in the west and southwest of Iran did not succeed.<br /><br />During the two years that Asim Bey was the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran, he had various correspondences with the Highness in Istanbul and the Ottoman and German political and military officials. This article has been compiled according to the documents left by Asim Bey, which are kept in the Records Organization of the Republic of Turkey, and aims to analyze the challenges of the Ottoman Turks' diplomatic system in Iran from the point ofDuring the First World War, Mustafa Asim Bey was appointed as the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran. The Ottoman diplomatic apparatus in Iran was responsible for persuading Iranians to join forces with the Ottomans, to cut off the Russians from Azerbaijan, and to help advance Ottoman military goals in Afghanistan and India. In order to achieve these goals, Asim Bey and his associates believed in soft politics with influence among the constitutionalist men and tribes of western Iran. But the Turkish military, led by Rauf Bey, believed in an aggressive policy with violence in order to neutralize the propaganda of the Allies. Two policies that led to a serious challenge between the Ottoman military and diplomats in Iran and put the policies of the Great Turks under the spotlight, including the Islamic Union plan. Despite Asim Bey's efforts, Iran did not join the alliance plan with the Ottomans, Akbar's jihad did not achieve its goals in Iran, and the subversive policies against the Russians and the British in the west and southwest of Iran did not succeed.<br /><br />During the two years that Asim Bey was the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran, he had various correspondences with the Highness in Istanbul and the Ottoman and German political and military officials. This article has been compiled according to the documents left by Asim Bey, which are kept in the Records Organization of the Republic of Turkey, and aims to analyze the challenges of the Ottoman Turks' diplomatic system in Iran from the point ofhttps://jhr.usb.ac.ir/article_9091_99f5c96f43fa0893a132e3c9f8ec6b94.pdf