Rereading of the Contexts of the Establishment of Uzun Hasan Aq Qoyunlu’s Relations with Venice and Their Fluctuations" Based on Untranslated Italian Sources

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Islamic Studies,, Literature and Humanities, Faculty,Jahrom,,Jahrom, iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of History.Faculty of Literature and Humanities,, universty of Shiraz,,Shiraz.Iran

Abstract

The alliance between Uzun Hasan and Venice played a significant role in shaping Iran’s foreign policy amid rising Ottoman power. The fall of Byzantium intensified anti-Ottoman sentiment in Italy, while Turkish threats to Venetian interests in the Black Sea and Mediterranean pushed Venice toward an alliance with Uzun Hasan. Despite shared interests, the alliance failed to deliver tangible outcomes. This study reexamines the relationship, focusing on untranslated Italian sources—especially Venetian governmental archives, consular reports, and 19th-century writings—to provide a more balanced view. Previous studies often rely on Turkish and travel literature, neglecting primary Venetian perspectives. Diplomatic missions sent by Venice reflect a serious commitment to the alliance. The Venetians planned to weaken the Ottomans by arming Uzun Hasan and initiating a western front. However, many promised supplies never arrived. Other challenges included geographic distance, Uzun Hasan’s strategic errors at the Battle of Otlukbeli, and internal instability caused by his son’s rebellion. These factors ultimately led to the collapse of the alliance. Still, the effort marked a turning point in Iran’s international relations, setting a precedent for future diplomatic strategies that extended into the Safavid era.

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History

  • Receive Date: 28 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 15 July 2025
  • Accept Date: 26 July 2025

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