خوانش تاریخی مفاهیم آزادی فرد و قدرت دولت در گفتمان سیاسی آیت‌الله نائینی و شیخ فضل الله نوری در مشروطه

نوع مقاله : علمی و پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه علوم سیاسی ، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران ، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف از نگارش این مقاله تبیین تفاوت‌های خوانش تاریخی مفاهیم آزادی فرد و قدرت دولت در گفتمان سیاسی آیت الله نائینی و شیخ فضل الله نوری است. مفاهیم آزادی‌فرد و قدرت‌دولت و ویژگی‌های آن برای شیعیان از مباحث اصلی فقیهان شیعه در دوره غیبت بوده‌است. انقلاب مشروطیت که یکی از تحولات مهم دوران معاصر کشورمان است و به‌دنبال آن رژیم جدید سلطنتی تأسیس شد؛ یکی از نقاط عطف تاریخی است که در آن مشروعیت رژیم جدید سیاسی در تطبیق آن با مبانی اسلامی مورد اختلاف علما قرار گرفت. گروهی انقلاب مشروطه و هدف آن‌را با مواضع نظری اندیشه دینی مطابق دیدند و خوانش آنان از مشروطه با تبیین مفاهیم آزادی فرد و قدرت دولت، هماهنگ بود. در مقابل گروهی مشروطیت و نهادهای آن را با مبانی نظری اندشیه سیاسی شیعی مغایر دیدند. نماینده این دو رویکرد متفاوت فقهی در مورد مبنای مشروعیت حکومت مشروطه دو فقیه بزرگ عصر مشروطه، علامه نائینی و شیخ فضل الله نوری بودند. نتایج بررسی این مقاله در مواجهه دو فقیه با مفاهیم گفتمان‌سیاسی جدید از یک طرف شاهد ایدئولوژی نخبه‌گرایانه و نظریه دو قطبی حکومت از طرف شیخ نوری برای تحقق احکام شرع بود و از طرف دیگر علامه نائینی برای نخستین بار تا حدودی آزادی و حق‌حاکمیت مردمی را در کنار ولایت فقیهان در بستر دین همراه نمود. این مقاله با استفاده از مفاهیم گفتمانی این متفکران با خوانش تاریخی خاص خودشان منجر به استنتاج نوع نگاه متفاوت و بعضاً متضاد این متفکران گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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